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2008年4月1日 星期二

全球拍賣前十藝術家 07世界藝術品市場盤點

來源:《收藏投資導刊》

每一年,Artprice都會制作一個根據每個藝術家作品公眾銷售總額得出的一個排行榜,而巴勃羅?畢加索在市場中總是排行第一。但是在2007年情況有所不同:經過差不多十年的奮鬥,現代藝術家的桂冠被流行藝術之王安迪·沃霍爾摘取。沃霍爾在2006年排行第二,而在2007年,他成為了全球市場的領頭人。

這不僅僅是一個名字取代了另一個名字的問題,這一“事件”其實反映了拍賣世界中名副其實的劇變。在上世紀90年代,藝術市場的王座屬于印象派畫家,尤其是奧古斯特?雷諾阿還有克勞德?莫奈;然後到2000年以後,輪到了現代藝術的畢加索和古斯塔夫·克裏姆特;今天,很有可能會持續一段時間,市場把當代藝術推到了金字塔的塔尖。

在2006年,排名前十的藝術家中只有沃霍爾、裏奇特斯坦和威廉姆·德·庫寧是屬于當代藝術的,他們分別代表了流行藝術以及美國抽象表現主義。在2007年,隨著弗蘭西斯·培根、馬克·羅斯科和吉恩·米切爾·巴斯奎特的進入,當代藝術提高了相當大的份額。而因為在這一年沒有主要的名作出現在拍賣場上,古斯塔夫·克裏姆特和埃貢·席勒都意外地滑出了前十名之外。

在2007年,前十位的藝術家的收益加起來超過了18億美元,這一數據與前一年相比上升了50%!這種暴漲的局勢絕對是由安迪·沃霍爾和弗蘭西斯·培根推動的,他們的作品比2006年多賣出4億美元!價格急劇上漲,隨之而來的是進入前十名的入場券與2006年相比上升了44.8%。確切地說,這意味著在2007年每個藝術家必須賣出至少8699萬美元才能進入前十,而在之前的一年,這個標準只是5900萬美元。

  安迪·沃霍爾:4.2億美元

2007年,安迪·沃霍爾從排行榜第二躍升到第一,鞏固了其藝術市場明星的地位。與前一年相比,他畫作的銷售額增加了2200萬美元,而他的基本價格指數在十年間上升了450%。在2006年,沃霍爾就已經有43幅畫作銷售超過百萬美元,也就是比市場巨匠畢加索還要多出四幅。但是與2007年相比,這完全算不上什麼。在2007年,他有多達74副售價數百萬乃至數千萬的作品賣出,這些是他從上世紀60到80年代的作品。之前的8年,他作品的最高紀錄是《橙色瑪麗蓮》,價格是1575萬美元。但是在2007年5月,他的《綠色車禍(綠色著火的車I)》在紐約佳士得的拍槌下拍出6400萬美元,而此前這幅作品的估價是2500- 3200萬美元!這一類的通貨膨脹正在加速市場的轉手率,而有一些很幸運的作品所有者在很短的時間之內就獲得了豐厚的收益。比如說,2007年11月,演員休·格蘭特在佳士得以2100萬美元的價格賣出了一張沃霍爾的《莉斯》(1963年拍的伊麗莎白·泰勒的肖像),而他在六年前購買這幅作品的時候只花了 325萬美元,而且同一係列的一張《莉斯》在2005年的蘇富比拍賣中只賣出1125萬美元。

巴勃羅·畢加索:3.19億美元

2007年,畢加索畫作賣出的最高價格是2750萬美元——《蹲著的穿土耳其服裝的女人(傑奎琳)》。雖然這個數額很巨大,但是相對于他在2004年憑借《拿煙鬥的小孩》拍出的9300萬美元的價格,這個價格真的差得太遠了。《拿煙鬥的小孩》是畢加索粉色時期(1905年)的一幅難得的佳作。然而,2007年畢加索賣出的作品中,最引人注目的不是他的畫作,而是一座青銅雕塑,名字是《女人的頭像:朵拉·馬爾》。該作品在去年11月蘇富比紐約的拍賣中以2600萬美元拍出,佔據了全球藝術市場雕塑價格最高的地位。《女人的頭像》是畢加索第一件超過1000萬美元的雕塑作品,並且這一價格把雕塑銷售的總數從2007年的八位數推到了九位數(2006年是6位數),這反映了現代雕塑的強大勢頭——現在顯現出比同期繪畫作品更大的價格上漲——價格指數在十年間上升了100%以上。雖然售出了45件高于百萬美元的作品,就是說比2006年多出 10件,畢加索的年度銷售額在2007年下降了2000萬美元。而這並不代表他已經不流行了:要記住,他2006年的年度銷售額飆升了116%,這明顯是由《朵拉·馬爾與貓》8500萬美元的天價帶起來的。所以,這個前十名中第二的位置並不代表他的市場價值有所縮減。畢加索作品售出數百萬價格的比之前更加常見,但是他的年度銷售額只是因為市場上他的主要作品越來越少而變得有限。

弗蘭西斯·培根:2.45億美元

培根作品中那些痛苦的軀體並沒有把買家嚇跑!恰恰相反的是,藏家們非常喜歡他作品強烈的感情,以至于他的價格指數在十年間翻了三倍。從2006年的19位,他憑借著2007年的年度銷售額提高了2億美元躍升到了前十名的第三位。7場銷售描畫了這一引人矚目的進程:有七幅畫在2007年2月到11月之間每張售出超過1000萬美元。這一係列的作品中包含了弗蘭西斯?培根作品的新價格紀錄:《無辜的X之研究》在 2007年5月15日蘇富比紐約的拍賣中售出4700萬美元。在這次銷售六個月以後,他的《鬥牛研究一號第二版》(1969)再次在蘇富比紐約的拍槌下以4100萬美元拍出,鞏固了其價格急速上升的地位。對培根作品的追捧促使很多藏家售出他們手中培根的作品。這使市場上有了豐富的供給,在2007年,總共有13張他的油畫進入拍場,相比之下,在1997年到2006年期間,年度平均水平是2到7張。

  馬克·羅斯科:2.07億美元

馬克?羅斯科躍升至前十位更加促進了現在正慢慢顯現出來的美國對這個排名的掌控地位,而且也表明了戰後藝術價格上漲的勢頭。事實上,他在1950年創作的《白色中心》在一次拍槌的敲定下,成為了拍賣市場上最昂貴的戰後藝術作品,同時也是那一年的銷售冠軍,《白色中心》在蘇富比5月的拍賣中售出6500萬美元,高出沃霍爾的價格紀錄100萬美元。羅斯克此前的價格紀錄是2005年11月在佳士得賣得2000萬美元的《彩色場,向馬蒂斯致敬》(1954),而《白色中心》的售價比這一紀錄翻了三倍還多。在2007年,我們看到了比以前更多的羅斯克的作品售出數百萬美元的價格:在一年以內,6件羅斯克的作品每一件售價都超過1000萬美元(在2007年5月到11月之間),相比之下, 2000年到2005年只有四件。他最受歡迎也是最昂貴的作品是他在上世紀50年代創作的大版的繪畫:色彩繽紛的冥想空間。然而,上升至七八位數的售價使得之前很少人問津的作品走進市場,比如他畫在紙上的作品,或者是他1969年的黑色和灰色的《無題》。另外,在2007年,還有一張他在更加灰暗的時期的《無題》,第一次越過了1000萬美元的門檻(11月14日,蘇富比)。

克勞德·莫奈:1.65億美元

作為法國印象派最耀眼的明星之一,克勞德·莫奈並不是第一次出現在這份名單之中。 2004年,他的作品銷售額為8000萬美元,佔據了第二位,排在了畢加索之後。但是,在2007年,這個分數在蘇富比和佳士得在倫敦短短兩天(7月 18、19日)的銷售中就被擊敗了,在這兩天,他一係列的主要作品售出接近4500萬英鎊(8400萬美元)。這個夏季拍賣的焦點是《雲霧中的滑鐵盧橋》,在假釋的拍賣會的第一天就以1600萬英鎊(3170萬美元)賣給了一位美國藏家,這個價格是前擁有者17年前購買價格的10倍。作為回擊,第二天蘇富比以1650英鎊賣出與《雲霧中的滑鐵盧橋》同年創作的《睡蓮》。克勞德·莫奈因此保持著作為安全投資的地位。他的作品在穩健的藝術品市場中很明顯是有利可圖的,2007年,他的27件作品售價超百萬,而此前的一年這個數目是16件。更樂觀的是,相對于1990年的投機泡沫的高峰(23場銷售超過百萬),他的作品在2007年售出了更多上7、8位數的價格。

亨利·馬蒂斯:1.14億美元

2007年,亨利·馬蒂斯的三件主要作品打破了此前他創下的紀錄:兩幅宮女繪畫和《椅子上的舞女》。在之前的那年,馬蒂斯憑借《露背的裸女》在蘇富比紐約拍出1650萬美元創下了新高。一年以後,還是同一個拍賣行,對《宮女,灰色調》(1925)寄予更高的期望,估價高達2000萬美元。該作品最終以1310萬美元售出,甚至沒有達到最低估價。但是在2007年10月的佳士得拍賣中,《宮女,藍色調》的叫價一直攀升到令人眩目的3000萬美元,比估價高出1000萬美元。這樣,這兩張宮女以及舞女售價就比2006年12張油畫、4個雕塑還有差不多60張素描的總銷售(5970萬美元)還要多。事實上,2007年的銷售使馬蒂斯在我們的前十名排名中上升了三位,同時創下了他自己年度收益的新紀錄。

  吉恩·米切爾·巴斯奎特:1.02億美元

這位前十名中最年輕的藝術家同樣有著讓人印象深刻的增長:2007年,他的價格指數在十年間上升了480%。巴斯奎特並不是第一次出現在名的排名中,在2005年他就出現在第九的位置,當年他的總銷售額超過了3500萬美元,包括11 件作品售出100萬美元以上。但尤其出色的是2007年的成績更加引人注目:他的作品兩次超過百萬美元以上的銷售額,而這一年的銷售總額比2006年的三倍還多。這一急速上漲的價格趨于加速市場上藝術品的轉手。比如說《武士》,在2005年11月蘇富比的拍賣中賣出160萬美元,而在同一拍賣行,這件作品再次在拍槌下成交,售價高于500萬美元(250萬英鎊)。2007年百萬美元的作品中排名第一的作品是一幅1981年的多技巧的作品,以超過1000萬美元的價格大大的打破了該藝術家此前的紀錄。這件作品估價在600至800萬美元之間,而在蘇富比紐約5月15日的拍賣中賣出了1300萬美元。在秋拍中,巴斯奎特鞏固了其前所未有的上升勢頭,他的大幅畫作《電椅》(Electric Chair)售得1050萬美元,這一次,還是在蘇富比紐約的拍賣。

費爾南德·雷捷:9200萬美元

費爾南德·雷捷在2006年跌出了前十名,但是在2007年他爬回到第八位,這是他在2005年佔據的位置。他的作品在5月還有11月在紐約的成功拍賣為這位藝術家創下新的紀錄。五月份的奠基石是《工廠》(1918)。這幅作品描述了雷捷最喜歡的主題,基本的色調還有自然的互補排列得色彩繽紛。這幅作品在蘇富比的拍賣中,叫價從估價500到700美元一直飆升到1275美元。六個月以後,佳士得以1050萬美元的高價售出其佳作 (1950)。同一天,佳士得推出《外形對比繪畫(第二部分)》,這是一張立體派時代的佳作,畫在一張米色的紙上的黑白水粉畫。該作品創作于1913年,最終以驚人的4200萬美元成交。這標志著雷捷作品的最高紀錄。

馬克·夏卡爾:8900萬美元

雖然馬克·夏卡爾相對于2006年滑出了前三名的位置,但是雖然他的作品供給減少了,他的繪畫銷售額依舊穩固。2007年,有62幅油畫被拍出,比2006年差不多100幅的數量有所下降。然而夏卡爾是一個極其高產的藝術家,而且,由于他的大量知名的平版畫和蝕刻版畫,他是排在巴勃羅·畢加索後面,第二位被拍作品最多的藝術家。他其他作品的銷售佔到了他本人總交易額的85%;差不多 400件作品在2007年被拍賣。一件售價超過1000萬美元的佳作使他依然能夠留在今年前十名的位子上。這是一幅三米多寬的馬戲團表演的畫,在5月蘇富比紐約的拍賣中售得1225萬美元。但是這個高價並沒有能打破保持了17年的紀錄,這幅《生日》 (1923)同樣是在蘇富比拍賣,在1990年投機泡沫的頂峰時期拍得1350萬美元。盡管他標志性的作品越來越少,這位藝術家作品的市場還遠未達到沉寂的時候:他的作品的價格指數在2006年1月到2007年底之間幾乎上升了80%。

  保羅·塞尚:8700萬美元

2006年是塞尚逝世100周年,而去年他作品的年度銷售額上升了50%以上。塞尚被畢加索譽為現代藝術之父,但是在近年他一直無緣于這個排行榜的前十位,這主要是由于缺乏他能夠售出上百萬的主要作品。在2002到2006年期間,他的年度銷售額都沒有超過4300萬美元(2007年水平的一半),而事實上他也只有一幅繪畫作品售價超過了這一水平。這件作品在蘇富比1999年被拍賣,惠特尼的藏品《簾子、罐子、盤子》是一幅1893到1894年的靜物作品,以5500萬美元在拍槌下成交。雖然最近有很多他其他的靜物作品賣出數百萬美元的價格,但是這件作品創下的塞尚作品的紀錄至今未被打破。比如說在2006年的拍賣中,蘇富比拍賣了他的巨作《靜物:水果與姜壺》,這是一幅他的成熟畫作,創作于大約1895年,售得3500萬美元。在2007年,塞尚沒有其他比這個質量更好的作品出現在拍賣會。這一年最貴的作品依然是一幅靜物畫,但這幅畫創作時期較早(1877年)且並不是很受重視,不過《水果盤與小碟餅幹》依然在11月6日紐約佳士得的拍賣中賣出1125萬美元的價格。

作者:禤光毅 

2008年3月7日 星期五

躍登中國設計舞台 巫永堅,堅持獨特,台灣創意打造上海世博會「海寶」

【文/江佩蓉】

2007年的聖誕節,來自台灣,在中國打拚六年的巫永堅收到一份大禮。上海世界博覽會主辦單位宣布,2010年上海世界博覽會吉祥物「海寶」,將以他的設計藍圖為基底。在舉世注目的上海灘,巫永堅打敗全球2萬6000件競爭作品,一戰成名。

恭賀電話和詢問的客戶,讓高安路上永堅企業形象策畫公司的辦公室擠了個水洩不通。採訪當天,巫永堅剛簽下一樁280萬人民幣(約合新台幣1260萬元)的年度合約,是2007年總營收的一半以上。

當世界工廠轉變為最具發展潛力的消費市場,第三度創業的巫永堅此刻更堅定信念,三年前,來對了,這是他職涯規畫中最重要的里程碑。「能在上海生存下來,沒有地方不能活!」他說。世界五百大企業,都已經進入中國,更有超過五成將中國總部設在上海,這裡是中國廣告業發展最蓬勃的城市。

屈身壓力鍋,錢少事多求磨練

從1996年開始,連續十年上海市廣告業產值成長都達到兩位數,台灣卻陷入不進反退的窘境,根據台灣尼爾森媒體研究顯示,2007年台灣五大媒體廣告量較同年期衰退5%。

2006年上海市廣告產值達到272億人民幣(約新台幣1224億元),是同年度台灣廣告市場規模的2.5倍。廣告支出約占上海市民生產毛額GDP的2.6%,比世界各國平均值高出一個百分點。因此,2005年底大陸廣告業完全開放後,全球前十大廣告業者紛紛加碼,積極搶進中國市場。

但是,要在中國市場勝出,光靠專業技術遠遠不夠,要先摸透這個市場的人,讀懂他們的心,這一課,卻是巫永堅花了三千多個日子才學會。

復興美工畢業的巫永堅,從學生時期就是各大獎項的常勝軍。進入奧美擔任插畫工作期間,先後參加了企業的形象設計案件,包括二十餘年未曾改變的「伯朗咖啡」、年輕人喜愛的「左岸咖啡」、「六福村樂園」的吉祥物等,都出自巫永堅之手。

年輕的巫永堅對自己的能力相當有信心,直至參加同學的聚會,才知道一山還有一山高。那個年代,台灣購入日本卡通,必須仰賴手工重繪後才能在台灣播映,卡通製作公司也因此得以蓬勃發展。在宏廣卡通製作體系中工作的同學,一天可以畫出20到30張的插畫,工作量是巫永堅的三倍。他想試試自己的能耐,將自己丟到高壓的環境中磨練。

雖然薪水是過去三分之一,他還是決定接下這份新工作。他希望自己能到卡通製作公司練基本工,訓練自己繪畫速度,並且學習過去不懂的拓印法,紋路複製與電腦貼圖等技巧。十個月後,他辭職,開設了自己的工作室。

首度出擊,負債3000萬慘澹收場

過去累積的人脈與經驗在此時發酵,成功來得容易來得早。巫永堅靠著一張1500到3000元不等的案件,和每張1萬元的廣告插畫,創業第一個月營收就有18萬元,這段時間的拚搏讓他累積了第一桶金,並且成家立業在南港買了第一幢價值千萬的豪宅,這一年,他才27歲。

事業的順遂讓巫永堅起了更大的野心。25歲那年,他與友人合夥創設「騰視覺藝術有限公司」,打造「Dino Club」可愛小恐龍的自有品牌,巫永堅擔任設計總監,帶領六十名設計師團隊,負責設計相關周邊商品。創業之途遠比當初設想的艱辛,600坪廠房每月的管銷費用,以及廣告行銷預算都遠遠超出預期。不到兩年,初期集資3000萬元用罄,公司的訂單與銷售狀況卻一直未見起色。

巫永堅的首次創業,就以負債3000萬慘澹收場,房子也被迫削價出售還債。他重新拿起畫筆,回到十幾坪的工作室,開始沒日沒夜接案的還債生涯。但是創立品牌的夢想卻未曾消失,他等待的是一個機會。

在事業最低潮的時刻,他遇見生命中的貴人,為他開啟了前進中國的那扇門。

1992年,巫永堅第一次到廣東參與兩岸設計會議,這是第一次,巫永堅打破過去對中國的落後印象,真正認識開放後的新中國。「中國市場遠比我想像中的進步太多了,品牌的發展需要的正是這樣的市場。」他說。對於這個發展中的新市場,巫永堅躍躍欲試,但前次創業的失敗讓他知道必須更謹慎。

【本文摘自30雜誌3月號】

2008年3月4日 星期二

倫敦設計到了「重新設計」的時候了!

【text/Stanley Huang;photo/Stanley Huang(黃俊銘,倫敦政經學院社會學研究所)】

「設計」也有「身分認同」的困難?倫敦設計博物館一項新的設計大獎,打破傳統取向,其分類的新趨勢,足以說明,英國引以為傲的所謂「設計」,是到了「重新設計」(redesigning)的時候了。

「設計」也有「身分認同」的困難?倫敦設計博物館在保險業者的贊助之下,宣布啟動一項新的設計大獎「Brit Insurance Design Awards」。它將獎項分為建築、平面設計、時尚、產品、傢俱、互動新媒體、交通等七大類,打破傳統取向。英國媒體分析,該獎分類的新趨勢,足以說明,英國引以為傲的所謂「設計」,是到了「重新設計」(redesigning)的時候了。

此話怎說?倫敦設計博物館從 2003 年開始頒發「年度設計師大獎」,設計過 iPod、iPhone 的 Jonathan Ive 是 2003 年首屆得主,可謂實至名歸。不過 2005 年選了設計監獄、學校管理系統的 Hilary Cottam,就被認為有點「離譜」了,保守派博物館董事甚至不客氣地批評:「如果 Hilary Cottam 都可以稱為「設計師」,我也許可以提名出版社老闆角逐布克獎(The Man Booker Prize,英國最重要的小說文學獎)」。

設計,究竟指涉一種「功能」;一種「服務」;還是設計本身就是一項產品?今年館方不再頒給「設計師」,改以就作品論作品,並將七大分類清楚列出,彷彿為過去如系統服務、虛擬建築等非「設計」類別,展開「正名」的工程。

入圍的一百件作品,除了 Herzog & de Meuron 的北京「鳥巢」,SANAA 的「The New Museum」及 Thomas Heatherwick 的「East Beach Cafe」等主流大作,名氣實在凌駕該獎項。也有像 Martino Gamper 的「100 Chairs in 100 days」等創意之作,他以「天下沒有完美的椅子」為概念,一百天改裝一百張椅子,由於取材限破舊椅子,部分組裝之後反而流露古典氣息,在展場相當受注意。另外,巴黎去年七月在街頭推出的流動自行車系統(Velib Communal Bicycles),取代公車及地鐵;倫敦在尖峰時段推出的塞車稅(Extension of Congestion Charging),還有為開發中國家孩童設計的超迷你 laptop,也都在入圍名單。

作品此刻正在設計博物館展出至 4 月 27 日;3 月 18 日將揭曉得獎作品,獎金為 25000 英鎊。

2003年11月14日 星期五

REVERBERATIONS; Shocking! Offensive! But Being Pleasant Is Beside the Point

NYTimes
Published: November 14, 2003

Although the phrase ''shock and awe'' has become as clichéd as the suffix -gate, it has dutifully been evoked in the British press to describe this year's Turner Prize entries. Actually, it is really only the entry by the brothers Jake and Dinos Chapman -- some think it's the favorite -- that has evoked, or provoked, that phrase. And awe has a lot less to do with it than shock.

Their entry, a kind of homage to Goya, is on display until Jan. 11, along with those of the three other contestants, at the Tate Modern in London. The Tate sponsors this competition for youngish British artists, with the winner to be announced on Dec. 7.

Around the gallery hang 80 reproductions of etchings from Goya's ''Disasters of War'' series, with clown faces superimposed over the original heads. In the middle are two painted bronze sculptures. One, ''Death,'' includes what looks like a couple of inflatable sex toys performing unprintable acts, complete with a vibrator. The other, ''Sex,'' is a decomposed human corpse and other animal parts hanging from a tree, with your basic assortment of maggots and ''flies, spiders, lizards, mice, rats, snails, worms and centipedes,'' in the tally of The London Observer. And a few children's toys, for spice.

All this has excited the annual Turner Prize outcry, ritualistic by now, in the British tabloids. Jake Chapman has added to the hysteria in an interview to be broadcast tonight on Channel Four in Britain, by denouncing both the Tate Modern and the collector Charles Saatchi, the brothers' principal patrons; there is a Chapmans' show at the Saatchi Gallery in London right now.

It was Mr. Saatchi who instigated the ''Sensation!'' show that shocked the Royal Academy before shocking New Yorkers at the Brooklyn Museum of Art. Or at least one New Yorker, Rudolph W. Giuliani, then the mayor, who fixated on Chris Ofili's elephant dung when the more shocking Chapmans were just around the corner.

The brothers' assortment of white fiberglass children's mannequins wearing nothing but wigs and sneakers, lurking in lush tropical foliage with their mutated extra limbs and aroused genitals in unlikely places on their bodies, was for me truly disturbing. Not disturbing in that I wanted to call the morals police, but disturbing in the way art is supposed to be: it was scary and enticing and, on the surface at least, exotically beautiful.

In his Channel Four interview, Mr. Chapman said Mr. Saatchi's gallery was, in fact, neutralizing the shock by placing it in a genteel context, ''trying to soften the blow for people who may be unfamiliar with the notion that a work of art shouldn't necessarily be pleasurable.''

Hello? For centuries new art has offended, challenging the purely pleasurable. From the first Modernist outrages to this day, artists have seemed to specialize in jarring the presumably complacent bourgeoisie out of their presumed reverie into a harsh confrontation with the real world, reality being defined by the artists.

But I am not writing about the Chapmans, whose latest work I have seen only in photographs, but about shock in art. Audiences and institutions have long believed that anything that unsettles is intended to provoke. The provocation hardly needs to be sexual. It can be childlike (''My 5-year-old could do that!'') or primitive (Gauguin) or political (Grosz) or distorted (Cubism) or conceptually unsettling (Duchamp's urinal; Cage's ''4' 33' '' of silence).

For a long while, when people raged against such provocations, I would take the defiant position of assuming, unless authoritatively informed otherwise, that the artist had no intention to provoke. Morton Feldman needed to write a six-hour string quartet. Philip Glass needed to spin out his deafening electronic-keyboard arpeggiations to the end of time. Maybe even Jeff Koons needed to depict coitus with his wife at the time, an Italian pornography star and Parliament member.

Dinos Chapman may well be accurate in explaining that he and his brother have long since transcended shock in their new Goya works. ''We think they're entertaining, thoughtful, beautiful, classical,'' he told The Observer. But there can be no question that some artists set out to provoke. However beautiful the Chapmans sincerely think their own work is, they are, of course, provocateurs. As was Goya, you might muse, with his dark visions of war or even his ''Naked Maja.''

Those of us who out of wisdom or self-delusion think that we've got things pretty well figured out, who think that for all the obvious horrors to be seen nightly on television, that there are values and standards and canons, will be offended by this latter-day determination to provoke. Isn't this all a little late, a little dated?

And yet complacency is always worth tweaking, and those shocking and awe-inspiring horrors on television are indeed horrible. Goyaesque, even. The trick is not to provoke, but to provoke into a realization that the art that has disturbed you can also be ''thoughtful, beautiful and classical.'' The Chapmans may be shuffling along in the rear of that cadre of artists determined to subvert the permanence and collectibility of the artwork. And yet their own work is worth collecting. Just ask Mr. Saatchi.

Even the most blatant provocateurs are determined to do something more, something beyond merely shock. Clowns want to play Hamlet. I thought about Karen Finley the other day while she was painting and explicating my ''psychic portrait,'' along with that of our little dog, Gabby, in a half-hour appointment at the Kitchen in Chelsea. (Ms. Finley continues her sessions through tomorrow.)

If anyone has defined art shock over the last 15 years, it has been she, with her nudity and her chocolate and her incendiary role in the culture wars. Her psychic portraits, for which she sits demurely in a skirt and sweater and creates her very pretty little artworks -- I don't mean that condescendingly -- might seem a contradiction or even a repudiation.

Yet Ms. Finley has always been prim and well bred as well as extreme and outrageous; that's the dialectical secret of her charm. I don't know her or her work well enough to understand how central to her ideas of art and femininity her past nakedness has been. Self-display has often been the province of beautiful women, however ideologically explicated, as with Hannah Wilke.

Yet I'll bet that Ms. Finley's latest portraits are very much part of her entire artistic enterprise. She said at the outset of our session that she felt in an altered state when performing, that imagination itself was an out-of-body experience. She added that she had been doing psychic explorations all her life; it's just that now she's gone public.

The Chapmans' and Ms. Finley's art may or may not be great, but in the end all art must seek to disturb and provoke. Of course, there are deliberate provocateurs, sometimes for overt careerist ends. But what counts is the art. Great art is always shocking.

2000年9月25日 星期一

Another Opening, Another Sensation; Spurred by Long Lines and Headlines, London Museums and Galleries Shock Anew

NYTimes
Published: September 25, 2000

It is far from proven that newspapers sell art, but art certainly seems to sell newspapers in Britain these days. At least that must be one explanation for the enormous space given to London's contemporary art scene by the British press. Newspapers no longer cover major art shows as cultural events but as news stories, while the media's devotion to the celebrity cult routinely turns Y.B.A.'s -- as young British artists are now known here -- into show-biz stars.

True, the key variable in all this is perhaps not art, but shock: art and artists are usually only deemed worthy of the news pages if their work or behavior can be presented as scandalous. Thus, given the intense competition among Britain's nine morning newspapers, any art that might conceivably give offense -- say, a maggot-filled cow's head (Damien Hirst) or an unmade bed plus used condoms, soiled underwear and liquor bottle (Tracey Emin) -- is assured of ample coverage.

Young artists, new galleries and old museums all seem eager to play their part in this Faustian bargain: loads of publicity, rising prices for contemporary art and good crowds for exhibitions in exchange for what a British art critic, William Feaver, calls ''headline art.'' Like news, art marketing has become a today operation; whether the product lives any longer than the hype is tomorrow's problem.

So it is that, even before it opened this week, the Royal Academy of Arts's new exhibition, ''Apocalypse: Beauty and Horror in Contemporary Art,'' received press coverage here that even those perennial favorites Monet and Cezanne would envy. It helped of course that the show includes a life-size wax figure of Pope John Paul II being struck down by a meteorite, a large pile of garbage and a jumbled video that includes brief images of live sex (forbidden viewing for those under 18).

The once-venerable Royal Academy is again playing the game, eager to match the success of ''Sensation: Young British Artists From the Saatchi Collection,'' which drew 300,000 visitors in 1997 thanks to massive media attention and a controversy over a portrait of an English child murderer made with handprints of children. (When ''Sensation'' went to the Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1999, it was Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani's noisy objection to elephant dung attached to a painting of the Virgin Mary that ensured the show was noticed.)

Still, in fairness, ''Apocalypse'' is not simply more of the same. It escapes some of the criticism aimed at ''Sensation'' in that it does not show works from the private collection of Charles Saatchi, the wealthy former advertising executive who more than anyone is responsible for the rise of the Y.B.A.'s. Only 5 of the 13 artists in this show are British, only 2 of them -- Darren Almond and Dinos Chapman and his brother, Jake -- are Y.B.A. veterans of ''Sensation.''

What seems not to have changed is the desire of the Royal Academy -- and its exhibitions secretary, Norman Rosenthal -- to cause a fresh sensation, although Mr. Rosenthal describes his intent as that of challenging received wisdom about art.

''On the whole, people like what they know, and the older they get, the more they insist on liking only the things that they know,'' he explained in an interview with The Sunday Telegraph. ''Their minds don't want to open up. They don't want to face psychological, social and aesthetic realities about the world they're living in. They want it to be pretty.'' And he added, ''Art is not there to make the world a better place.''

As a self-supporting institution, though, the Royal Academy does need art that draws good crowds in order to pay its way. (Last year's ''Monet in the 20th Century,'' with 735,000 visitors, was its most popular ever.) And while some of its critics complain that its aesthetic choices are now being dictated by monetary needs, the academy's embrace of contemporary art also reflects its desire to be seen to be in tune with the times. And this necessarily includes a high profile in the media.

The Royal Academy, though, is hardly alone.

The massive publicity that surrounded the opening of the new Tate Modern this spring has already brought more than two million visitors to the converted power plant on Bankside. Tate Britain, housed in the old Tate Gallery on Millbank, recently made a bid for attention by holding its own contemporary show, ''Intelligence: New British Art 2000.'' The steady inflation in commercial galleries handling Y.B.A.'s is proclaimed as evidence that the art boom is here to stay.

This month in the run-up to ''Apocalypse'' the London press opened its columns to a Gillian Wearing retrospective at the Serpentine Gallery through Oct. 29. Ms. Wearing, a video and photo artist who won the coveted Turner Prize here in 1997, does not in fact exploit shock. Rather, her thoughtful work focuses on the clash between external and internal appearances, as in ''Trauma,'' in which mature people wearing youthful masks recount painful moments of their childhood. What caught the media's eyes, though, was ''Drunks,'' a 23-minute three-screen black-and-white video of a group of drunks staggering about her studio.

Days later the Saatchi Gallery opened ''Ant Noises II'' -- ''ant noises'' being an anagram of ''sensation'' -- to display the latest additions to the Saatchi collection. The show, which runs through Nov. 26, includes works by Mr. Hirst, Ms. Emin, the Chapman brothers, Jenny Saville, Sarah Lucas, Gavin Turk, Ron Mueck and Gary Hume, who were all part of ''Sensation.'' They and assorted other opening night London trendies duly filled the gossip columns.

For newspaper readers, on the other hand, the work given most attention -- ''shocking'' in the category of ''Is this art?'' -- was Ms. Emin's installation, ''The Last Thing I Said to You Is Don't Leave Me Here,'' a reconstructed beach hut representing memories of childhood and recent sexual encounters, accompanied by two photographs of the artist naked. One of these, called ''I've Got It All,'' could not fail to be reproduced: it showed Ms. Emin with splayed naked legs ''giving birth'' to a large quantity of money.

In contrast, the new works by Mr. Hirst, the original Y.B.A. enfant terrible of shark-in-formaldehyde fame, seemed positively tame: a vast ashtray filled with fetid cigarette butts; and a glass cabinet containing medicine bottles labled ''sausages,'' ''mushroom'' and the like. More disturbing was Mr. Mueck's ''Untitled.'' Having displayed a miniature ''Dead Dad'' in ''Sensation,'' his new work is an equally realistic miniature of a man lying in the fetal position wrapped in a blankets.

With ''Apocalypse,'' after the pre-opening media buildup, the opening night fund-raiser, paid for by the Prada fashion house, was another must for the tabloids thanks to the attendance by the actor Ewan McGregor, Sir Elton John, Courtney Love and a host of local celebrities. ''We'd suspected it all along,'' Alison Roberts reported in The London Evening Standard, ''but this was proof: the art world is now more fashionable than fashion itself.''

As for the art, the Royal Academy has given each of the 13 artists a gallery of his or her own (Mariko Mori, a Japanese conceptual artist, is the only woman), with Mr. Rosenthal and the independent curator Max Wigram choosing the works to fit their apocalyptic theme. The very first installation, Gregor Schneider's ''Cellar,'' requires visitors to climb through a tiny trap door into a labyrinth of dank rooms and corridors, a reconstruction of part of this German artist's own home in Rheydt and presumably some sort of metaphor for paradise lost.

Maurizio Cattelan's ''Nona Ora,'' or ''The Ninth Hour,'' is the work showing the pope felled by a meteorite, lying beside broken glass from a shattered skylight that suggests the meteorite's path. (Upset Catholics are assured that the Italian artist is a devout Catholic.) The link to the Apocalypse seems less immediate in Luc Tuymans's oils and Ms. Mori's ''Dream Temple,'' a mysterious octagonal shrine; it is more evident in ''British Wildlife, 2000,'' the garbage collection by the British artists Tim Noble and Sue Webster that, when illuminated, shows them in silhouette at the top of the pile.

Mr. Almond's ''Bus Stop (2 Bus Shelters)'' confronts the Holocaust with an installation that reconstructs the bus stop outside the former death camp at Auschwitz in Poland; in a previous work he photographed the shelter on a damp gray day, first with and then without waiting passengers. Even more direct is the Chapman brothers' truly apocalyptic ''Hell,'' nine glass cabinets arranged in the shape of a swastika filled with tiny figures, naked or dressed in Nazi uniforms, many of them corpses in mass graves.

Chris Cunningham's ''flex,'' quickly nicknamed the ''sex video,'' portrays a more personal hell. Accompanied by loud disjointed music, it shows a couple floating through ether who first fight violently and then make hurried love, albeit all somewhat disguised by rapid cutting and fleshy close-ups. It is Mr. Cunningham's first work of art after a brief career making advertising spots and rock videos.

How the British public responds to this show has yet to be seen, but there must be few newspaper readers who have not heard of it. Reviews by art critics may stir interest, but even negative coverage in the news pages awakens curiosity and draws crowds. For example David Aaronovitch, a columnist in The Independent, poked fun at many of the works in ''Apocalypse,'' but he nonetheless said he enjoyed himself. ''It's innovative, brash, callow, shallow and sentimental, which itself is significant,'' he said.

There is no shortage of commentators ready to trash the entire Y.B.A. boom as a market-driven exercise in self-promotion. ''The shed is Art now, you see,'' wrote Anna Murphy, the arts editor of The Sunday Telegraph, of the beach hut in Ms. Emin's latest work, ''and if you don't understand why, that's because you are not clever or cool enough -- a case of emperor's clothes if ever there was one.'' On the other hand, to draw attention to her article, it was accompanied by photographs of Mick Jagger, Stella McCartney, Steve Martin and ever-present Y.B.A.'s at the opening of ''Ant Noises II.''